A telematics-based evaluation framework for heavy-duty truck fuel efficiency under different emission standards and uphill operating conditions: evidence from Euro 3 and Euro 4 trucks in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2026.yt6d6y78Keywords:
telematics data, heavy-duty truck, fuel efficiency, road gradient, emission standardsAbstract
Fuel efficiency is a critical issue in road freight transportation because fuel costs represent a major component of truck operating expenses amid increasingly stringent emission standards. Although Euro 4 technology is designed to reduce emissions compared with Euro 3, its real-world fuel-efficiency performance under uphill, load-varying, and speed-varying conditions remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates the comparative fuel efficiency of Euro 3 and Euro 4 five-axle semi-trailer heavy-duty trucks and develops a terrain-sensitive evaluation framework using manufacturer-based telematics data from freight operations on Indonesian uphill toll-road segments. Fuel efficiency was expressed in km/l, where higher values indicate better performance. A four-factor factorial structure was applied, consisting of emission standard, operating speed class, load factor class, and road gradient category, resulting in 54 operational combinations. After cleaning and outlier filtering, 828 valid records were analyzed. A four-way factorial ANOVA examined main and interaction effects, while direct comparisons between Euro 4 and Euro 3 trucks were conducted under identical speed, load, and gradient combinations, producing 27 matched scenarios. The results show that Euro 4 trucks generally achieve higher fuel efficiency on flat segments, particularly at low to medium speeds with moderate to high loads. However, this advantage becomes less consistent on hilly and mountainous terrain. Under hilly and mountainous conditions, particularly at higher speeds and heavier loads, differences between Euro 4 and Euro 3 trucks become less consistent and often statistically non-significant. A key finding is that the fuel-efficiency benefit of Euro 4 technology decreases as road gradient and operating demand increase. This indicates that newer emission-control technology does not necessarily provide uniform energy-efficiency advantages across operating conditions. The study concludes that fuel-efficiency performance is shaped by the interaction among emission standard, speed, load factor, and road gradient rather than by vehicle technology alone. The findings support a terrain-sensitive fleet deployment strategy, suggesting that Euro 4 trucks should be prioritized on relatively flat corridors and moderate operating regimes, while Euro 3 trucks may remain operationally comparable in selected high-gradient and high-load conditions, although Euro 4 remains preferable from an emission-control perspective.
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Prof. Dr. Muji Setiyo, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang, Magelang, Indonesia, setiyo.muji@ummgl.ac.id
Dr. Juanita, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia, juanita@ump.ac.id
Prof. Jiang Chaozhe, Ph.D, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, jiangchaozhe@swjtu.edu.cn
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